Exploring the reciprocal associations between body appreciation, body image flexibility, and body acceptance by others in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: Results from cross-lagged panel analyses among women and men.

The COVID-19 pandemic provided a context associated with negative consequences for body image and eating behavior. However, little is known about what factors helped to mitigate these consequences and build a positive body image. Previous research pointed to the significance of body image flexibility and perceived body acceptance by others in predicting body appreciation. However, as most of the studies have been cross-sectional, causal relationships are poorly understood. This longitudinal study tested the reciprocal association between body appreciation, body image flexibility, and perceived body acceptance by others during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. We analyzed data from a large community sample consisting of 1436 women and 704 men who were invited to complete the study measures (BAS-2, BI-AAQ-5, BAOS-2) at three time points, each approximately six months apart. Latent cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that greater T1 body appreciation predicted an increase in T2 body image flexibility among both genders, while for women, we additionally observed reciprocal effects between T2 and T3. Among both genders, we further found that greater body appreciation predicted increased perceived body acceptance by others over both measurement intervals (but not vice versa). Our findings are discussed in light of pandemical constraints during the studies' assessments.

Siamo in Cura, non in Guerra: WAR metaphors, political discourse, and evaluation during the Covid-19 pandemic

The present paper analyses political tweets regarding the Covid-19 crisis. It focuses on four leaders-Trump, Johnson, Sánchez, and Conte-and in a particular time frame: March 2020. The goal of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, it endeavours to confirm whether war metaphors are pervasive in the discourse of the pandemic, on the other, it seeks to transcend the conceptual approach to metaphor and situate it within the context of evaluation in discourse. In order to do so, once war metaphors are individuated, we identify the evaluative processes implied in their use. Our claim is that war metaphors played an essential role not only by framing a novel situation as a conflict, but also by allowing the situation to be evaluated in a way that would provoke the audience to act. © Peter Lang Group AG, International Academic Publishers, Bern 2023. All rights reserved.

Dupchanchia Model of Students' drop-out control through engagement and appreciation after Covid-19: A Behavioral Policy intervention in the field administration of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a country which has successfully accomplished the millennium development goals. Upon such accomplishment and with new growing consensus with the global community, the country at present is in pursuit of achieving the sustainable development goals with mostly concentrating on the education sector. However, what impacted the growth and pace of the initiatives was the overwhelming impact of Covid-19 and the lockdown afterwards. Academic institutions remained closed at least for two years which resulted in a compromising number of students after the resumption. This study starts from the identification of a genuine problem with original field level data of the gradually declining number of students. It requires policy intervention centrally and locally. Government of Bangladesh has been deploying some traditional method like vocational and stipend system which is involved with large amount of monetary disbursement. This study found that government like Bangladesh should introduce new or customized education policy which can reduce budgetary involvement and change the choice structure of students. This approach and method has the transferability whereby other similar states can adapt. As a crucial part of local government, I have been working as the chief executive officer of a sub-district called Dupchanchia, and coordinating government departments to implement government policy. After rigorous discussion and brainstorming among the local stakeholders and teachers we uncovered that the students have become demotivated, traumatized and panicked of social engagement and any form of shared activities like classes, games and others. It required us to find out a local policy solution followed by a detailed literature review and primary data collection maneuver. Taking twenty schools into consideration for the study, the project initiated a behavioral policy intervention in ten particular schools and did not interfere with the other ten schools. I engaged local teachers, students and other related stakeholders and continued to use six behavioral tools to change the choice structure of the students of ten selected schools. We observed other ten schools without intervening in their environment and academic atmosphere at all. At the end of the study we collected data through key informant interviews and focus group discussion engaging teachers, peoples' representatives and government officials. Behavioral public policy intervention like nudge and engagement approaches are found to have a positive relation with the change in students number and their performance in the academic and co-curricular activities. This approach may contribute to controlling students' drop out in the lower and lower middle income countries after Covid shock. This policy intervention may have some challenges and limitations which need intensive and rigorous pre-study and prolonged design. Nevertheless, it has unlimited opportunities to be addressed. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Technium Social Sciences Journal is the property of Technium Press Constanta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

Millennials' changing mobility preferences: A telecommuting case in Istanbul

Daily mobility behaviors, especially in cities with high traffic density, are among the most fundamental drivers of quality of life. Obligatory commuting necessitates individuals sacrificing their time, money, and geographic freedom to ensure their mobility. The personal cost of fatigue, stress, and environmental cost of carbon emissions is likewise substantial. The COVID‐19 pandemic led to a widespread shift to telecommuting. The pandemic has permitted an unprecedented opportunity to study Millennials' attitudes towards commuting and telecommuting. A semi‐structured interview method was used with Millennial (now the largest percentage of the workforce) white‐collar (disproportionately able to do their work remotely) workers living in the megacity of Istanbul to understand how telecommuting has altered consumer commuting habits, values, preferences, and well‐being. The results of this study show that Millennial white‐collar workers in Istanbul see compulsory commuting as a waste of time, a stress factor, and an unwanted task. The shift towards telecommuting lowered the Millennials' tolerance for traffic and long commutes and reveals willingness for immobility at peak hours and appreciation of spatial independence as a lifestyle that increases quality of life. The need for understanding transport decisions has never been more pressing with the growth of megacities and the climate change crisis. This research has important implications for white‐collar employees and their employers, as well as academics and public policy makers, who seek to understand mobility preferences and lifestyles of different generations and the environmental implications in a dynamic environment.

THE PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT NEEDED BY NURSES CARING FOR PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH COVID-19 INFECTION IN THE NORTH WEST PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA

Nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection are exposed to many psychosocial challenges. Exploring and describing the psychosocial support needed for the nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 is significant to determine what type of support is needed by the nurses. The objective of this study was to describe the psychosocial support needed by the nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in the North West Province of South Africa. A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological, contextual design was used to collect data. The study used a non-probability sampling approach and purposive sampling technique to select four focus group discussions (FGDs) from the four hospitalsselected for this study. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysis was done using descriptive phenomenological data analysis to develop themes and categories. Measures to ensure trustworthiness were considered throughout the study. The finding indicated that it is difficult for nurses to care for COVID-19 patients because it is a novel disease. There is no specific treatment for COVID-19 and most patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 were demised. Shortages of human and material resources to care for COVID-19 patients were also reported. Nurses caring for COVID-19 patients are at risk of being infected and they are physically and psychologically affected. The study shows that nurses caring for COVID-19 patients are physically, psychologically and socially affected by the disease. Therefore, they need the support of their managers through the appreciation of their work, provision of adequate Personal protective equipment (PPE) and human capital to provide quality patient care. Nurses caring for COVID-19 patients need psychological support when they are depressed. They also need colleagues from other wards to encourage them and not see them as the carriers of the disease. Also, the community needs to understand the risks that nurses caring for COVID-19 patients take and support them.

Pendekatan Minat Kepada Pelajar dalam Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Pendidikan Islam

Abstrak: Pelajar hari ini mengikuti pengajaran dan pembelajaran setiap hari persekolahan sama ada akademik atau pendidikan Islam. Matlamat pengajaran dan pembelajaran pendidikan Islam adalah untuk menyampaikan ilmu, kemahiran dan penghayatan Islam berdasarkan al-Quran dan sunnah bagi membentuk sikap, kemahiran, keperibadian dan pandangan hidup sebagai hamba Allah yang mempunyai tanggungjawab untuk membangun diri, masyarakat, alam sekitar dan negara. Oleh itu, keberkesanan pendidikan Islam menjadi fokus utama ketika guru mengajar di sekolah. Menimbulkan minat pelajar terhadap matapelajaran pendidikan Islam adalah menjadi tanggungjawab guru pendidikan Islam untuk memastikan pelajar dapat menguasai matapelajaran pendidikan Islam sehingga dapat membentuk diri sendiri menjadi individu yang berguna dan mentaati perintah Allah. Justeru kepentingan minat murid terhadap pengajaran dan pembelajaran pendidikan Islam akan dikaji dalam kajian ini. Metod yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah berbentuk kualitatif, menggunakan pendekatan analisis dokumen melalui dokumen primer dan dokumen sekunder bagi mengkaji konsep minat dari perspektif Islam, hubungannya serta aplikasi dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran pendidikan Islam pelajar. Hasil kajian mendapati, elemen pendekatan minat sesuai untuk dimasukkan dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran pendidikan Islam. Perbincangan ini memberi implikasi bahawa pendekatan minat mampu menjadi pendekatan alternatif dalam proses pengajaran dan pembelajaran pendidikan Islam yang mengandungi nilai bersesuaian dengan diri pelajar.Alternate :Students today follow the teaching and learning of every school day whether academic or Islamic Education. The goal of teaching and learning Islamic education is to impart knowledge, skills and appreciation of Islam based on the Quran and sunnah to form attitudes, skills, personality and outlook on life as a servant of God who has a responsibility to develop themselves, society, environment and country. Therefore, the effectiveness of Islamic education becomes the main focus when teachers teach in schools. To arouse students' interest in the subject of Islamic education is the responsibility of Islamic education teachers to ensure that students can master the subject of Islamic education so that they can form themselves into useful individuals and obey the commandments of God. Therefore, the importance of students' interest in the teaching and learning of Islamic education will be studied in this study. The method used in this study is qualitative, using a document analysis approach through primary documents and secondary documents to study the concept of interest from an Islamic perspective, its relationship and application in the teaching and learning of Islamic education of students. The results of the study found that the elements of the interest approach are suitable to be included in the teaching and learning of Islamic education. This discussion implies that the interest approach can be an alternative approach in the teaching and learning process of Islamic education that contains values appropriate to the students themselves.

What is to Hand: The Fold as Landscape Within Textile Imagination

This article explores the fold and textile imagination within art by using as main case study the author's project Imaginary Landscapes. This work consists of a series of photographs taken during the first COVID-19 lockdown in the UK in 2020 and was motivated by a longing for spaces and places at a time of confinement. It provided an opportunity to work with "material to hand”, pointing to Martin Heidegger and Barbara Bolt's discussion of his theory regarding "handling.” The cloth as arranged or folded allows for light to enhance form whilst suggesting landscapes such as shorelines, mountains, forests, deserts or volcanoes. The discussion refers to Gilles Deleuze's reading of Leibniz, Christine Buci-Gluckmann's observations on the Baroque, and to various theoretical and artistic positions concerning the fold, drapery, and textile imagination within different visual contexts, including Giuliana Bruno's observations on the fold in relation to the screen. Imaginary Landscapes is explored with particular attention to contemporary artists Christo and Jeanne Claude, Christian Boltanski and Angela de la Cruz. The argument concludes that the fold as visual and conceptual process allows us to engage in spatio-temporal relations where the appreciation of materiality through handling/folding informs ideas of movement within and across media.

How creating art sustained me during the pandemic

In this paper, I describe how my painting practice restored and sustained a more coherent and vitalized sense of self during the isolation, loneliness and sense of unrealness, dislocation, and lost world order brought about by Covid. I describe how the intersubjective and physical process of painting, and the nonverbal, embodied experience of creating art re-situated me in a world that felt real and allowed me to know and reflect on emotional experiences not available verbally until represented in visual, concrete form. I present a brief clinical example to illustrate how my artistic practice during Covid decisively informed an appreciation of the importance of a co-constructed selfobject experience that recognized how essential a patient's own affirmed creativity was for enhancing her sense of vitality, agency, and possibility of positive change.

Shopping for beauty: The influence of the pandemic on body appreciation, conceptions of beauty, and online shopping behaviour

The COVID-19 pandemic has created shifts in consumer behavior. Beauty customers who normally purchased products in physical stores shifted to purchasing online. Because beauty products are sold at various types of retailers, beauty customers have multiple options for online purchases. This study focused on factors related to beauty that may change group behavior (social norms) using objectification theory and the theory of reasoned action. Broad conceptualizations of beauty and body appreciation and their effect on social norms that in turn affect customers' purchase intentions with omnichannel beauty retailers were analyzed. A series of hypotheses were developed and empirically tested. Trust in online retailers was also analyzed as an indirect effect on purchase intention. 756 participants completed the online survey through Amazon MTurk. The findings show that broad conceptualizations of beauty have no significant effect on social norms, but body appreciation does have a negative effect on social norms. Trust was also shown to have an indirect effect on purchase intention. These findings demonstrate that people's views of their body can also impact group behavior. When individuals have a positive body image, their individual perception outweighs the group's social behavior, which in turn affects their purchase intentions. © 2022 Korean Scholars of Marketing Science.

Promoting art appreciation performances and behaviors in effective and joyful contexts: A two-tier test-based digital gaming approach

To enhance students' learning motivation and learning interest, scholars have attempted to incorporate game-based learning (GBL) into courses to improve conventional teaching which is mostly carried out using textbooks, presentations, or videos. However, one-tier tests were mainly adopted in previous GBL, meaning that it was difficult to identify whether students answered questions correctly by understanding knowledge or merely guessed the correct answer. Such tests also make it difficult to provide adequate feedback and guidance during the learning process. In order to solve this problem, a two-tier test-based digital gaming approach (TT-DGA) developed using RPG Maker was proposed in this study. It not only provided students with a more interesting way to learn art and view world-famous artworks in the game, but also introduced a two-tier test in the learning process to help students gradually construct professional art appreciation knowledge. To explore the effects of this approach, a total of 62 university students who took an elective art course were recruited in the current study. A quasi-experimental design was employed and the course was conducted physically during the Covid-19 pandemic. One class was the experimental group which adopted the TT-DGA for learning, while the other class was the control group which adopted the conventional gaming approach (C-DGA). The results showed that the TT-DGA could significantly enhance students' learning achievement of art appreciation, learning motivation, learning attitudes, and flow experience. Based on the behavioral analysis, students in the experimental group were more active than those in the control group in terms of reading art history materials, watching videos, engaging in tests, and playing the game again. Finally, the interview results uncovered that the two-tier test could help students conduct self-inspection, confirm the accuracy of their understandings of knowledge, and correct misconceptions, and that DGBL made the art course more interesting. • A two-tier test-based digital gaming approach for art education is proposed. • An educational computer game was developed based on the proposed approach. • The approach improved students' learning achievement of art appreciation. • The approach improved students' learning motivation. • The approach improved students' self-inspection and accuracy art concepts. [ FROM AUTHOR]

Body appreciation as a protective factor in women with fibromyalgia: an examination of associations between pain perception, social comparison and psychological distress

Objectives While symptoms of fibromyalgia (FM) and psychological distress are directly linked, indirect effects are also apparent. The aim of the present study was to develop an explanatory model for the effect of FM on women's psychological distress and identify possible protective and risk factors. Methods This study comprised of total of 293 women aged 20-68 (M=34.3, SD= 12.1), of which 141 were women with FM and 152 healthy peers (HP), who completed questionnaires regarding demographic characteristics, anxiety (GAD-7), depression (PHQ-9), body appreciation (BAS-2), social comparison strategies, and pain assessment (SF-MPQ). Results FM patients demonstrated higher psychological distress, i.e. depression and anxiety and lower body appreciation. Body appreciation significantly correlated with social comparison coping strategies. Body appreciation and social comparison strategies mediated the link between FM and psychological distress. Among FM patients, body appreciation moderated the links between pain intensity and aspects of social comparison strategies, thus explaining the link between pain intensity and psychological distress. Conclusion Women with FM demonstrated higher levels of anxiety and depression symptoms and lower body appreciation compared to HP. The unique role of body appreciation in moderating the indirect link between pain and psychological distress appears to be protective.

Workplace Aesthetic Appreciation and Exhaustion in a COVID-19 Vaccination Center: The Role of Positive Affects and Interest in Art.

BACKGROUND: Recently, workers employed in vaccination points around the world have been subjected to very high workloads to counter the progress of the COVID-19 epidemic. This workload has a negative effect on their well-being. Environmental psychology studies have shown how the physical characteristics of the workplace environment can influence employees' well-being. Furthermore, studies in the psychology of art show how art can improve the health of individuals. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to test a moderated mediation model to verify how appreciation of workplace aesthetics can impact the level of exhaustion of staff working in a vaccination center, the mediating role of positive and negative affects, and the moderating role of interest in art. METHODS: Data were collected from a sample of 274 workers (physicians, nurses, reception, and administrative staff) working in the same vaccination center in Italy. Participants answered a self-report questionnaire during a rest break. We used a cross-sectional design. RESULTS: The results show that appreciation of workplace aesthetics impacts employees' level of exhaustion. This relationship is mediated by positive and negative affects, and interest in art moderates the relationship between positive affects and exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate the central role of workplace aesthetics in influencing healthcare workers' well-being, and how interest in art can reduce exhaustion levels. Practical implications of the results are discussed.

Aging all over the place: a multidisciplinary framework that considers place and life trajectories of older adults within their communities

Purpose>This conceptual paper aims to describe aging all over the place (AAOP), a federative framework for action, research and policy that considers older adults’ diverse experiences of place and life trajectories, along with person-centered care.Design/methodology/approach>The framework was developed through group discussions, followed by an appraisal of aging models and validation during workshops with experts, including older adults.Findings>Every residential setting and location where older adults go should be considered a “place,” flexible and adaptable enough so that aging in place becomes aging all over the place. Health-care professionals, policymakers and researchers are encouraged to collaborate around four axes: biopsychosocial health and empowerment;welcoming, caring, mobilized and supportive community;spatiotemporal life and care trajectories;and out-of-home care and services. When consulted, a Seniors Committee showed appreciation for flexible person-centered care, recognition of life transitions and care trajectories and meaningfulness of the name.Social implications>Population aging and the pandemic call for intersectoral actions and for stakeholders beyond health care to act as community leaders. AAOP provides opportunities to connect environmental determinants of health and person-centered care.Originality/value>Building on the introduction of an ecological experience of aging, AAOP broadens the concept of care as well as the political and research agenda by greater integration of community and clinical actions. AAOP also endeavors to avoid patronizing older adults and to engage society in strengthening circles of benevolence surrounding older adults, regardless of their residential setting. AAOP’s applicability is evidenced by existing projects that share its approach.

Photo Activity on Social Networking Sites and Body Dissatisfaction: The Roles of Thin-Ideal Internalization and Body Appreciation.

OBJECTIVE: According to sociocultural theory, media is associated with detrimental effects on body image. Due to the popularity of social networking sites (SNS) and the prevalence of body image disturbance among young women, the association between them is worth further exploration. This study examined the relationship between photo activity on SNS and body dissatisfaction (BD) and the roles of thin-ideal internalization (TII) and body appreciation (BA) in this relation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 746 Chinese female undergraduate students (mean age 20.34 ± 1.47 years) completed a questionnaire measuring SNS photo activity, TII, BD, and BA. RESULTS: (1) Photo activity on SNS was positively associated with BD (r = 0.10, p < 0.01), and TII could mediate this relation (ß = 0.07, 95% CI = [0.04, 0.10]). (2) Both the direct effect of SNS photo activity on BD (ß = -0.08, p < 0.05) and the mediating effect of TII (ß = -0.09, p < 0.01) were moderated by BA. Specifically, these associations were more pronounced for students with lower BA. CONCLUSION: People exposed to ideal photos or images can shape women's body image perception via TII, whether in the age of traditional media or the Internet, and BA did not buffer the effect of ideal photos on internalization. Our findings could provide practical suggestions for rational photo activity on SNS and the intervention for BD.

Shopping for beauty: The influence of the pandemic on body appreciation, conceptions of beauty, and online shopping behaviour

The COVID-19 pandemic has created shifts in consumer behavior. Beauty customers who normally purchased products in physical stores shifted to purchasing online. Because beauty products are sold at various types of retailers, beauty customers have multiple options for online purchases. This study focused on factors related to beauty that may change group behavior (social norms) using objectification theory and the theory of reasoned action. Broad conceptualizations of beauty and body appreciation and their effect on social norms that in turn affect customers' purchase intentions with omnichannel beauty retailers were analyzed. A series of hypotheses were developed and empirically tested. Trust in online retailers was also analyzed as an indirect effect on purchase intention. 756 participants completed the online survey through Amazon MTurk. The findings show that broad conceptualizations of beauty have no significant effect on social norms, but body appreciation does have a negative effect on social norms. Trust was also shown to have an indirect effect on purchase intention. These findings demonstrate that people's views of their body can also impact group behavior. When individuals have a positive body image, their individual perception outweighs the group's social behavior, which in turn affects their purchase intentions.

Vavřička and Others v. The Czech Republic

For the Court, this conclusion was bolstered by the observations that vaccination was not administered against the will of the applicants;that there is no consensus between member states over a single model to achieve the highest level of vaccination;that the introduction of a legal duty to vaccinate children raises sensitive moral or ethical issues;and that the case concerns matters of healthcare policy (paras. 276–79). [...]the Court considered that the measure satisfied the proportionality test. Furthermore, the Court underlined the temporal nature of the exclusion, as all children—also when not vaccinated—can still be enrolled in primary school (para. 307). [...]the Court concluded that the Czech Republic had not overstepped its margin of appreciation and consequently that there was no violation of the right to private life (paras. 310–11). [...]the Court held, also by sixteen votes to one, that it was unnecessary to examine separately the complaints of the five child applicants under Article 2, Protocol No. 1 in light of the previous findings under Article 8 (para. 345).

Análisis del crecimiento del desempleo en el Ecuador: período 2010-2021

Unemployment is a variable of special attention in the Ecuadorian economy, therefore knowing its evolution is essential to improve the living conditions of the population and the economy in general. A country with a high unemployment rate triggers negative factors such as: poverty, informality, crime, migration, etc. Therefore, this work aims to analyze the growth of unemployment in Ecuador during the period 2010–2021. For this, analytical-historical-descriptive research is carried out, supporting information from various official national sources. The results reflect that the growth of unemployment in the country is more evident in urban areas and in female labor activity. By 2018, the fall in formal employment was already reflected due to the crisis derived from 2014, which gave way to the increase in informal employment or in the last few stays to unemployment, influencing to a greater extent in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 19. In addition, the increase in taxes, the appreciation of the dollar, lower domestic demand, damage caused by the earthquake are some causes with high relevance in the increase in unemployment.Alternate :El desempleo es una variable de especial atención en la economía ecuatoriana, por ello conocer su evolución es primordial para mejorar las condiciones de vida de la población y de la economía en general. Un país con una elevada tasa de desempleo desencadena factores negativos tales como: pobreza, informalidad, delincuencia, migración, etc. Por lo tanto, este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el crecimiento del desempleo en el Ecuador durante el periodo 2010–2021. Para ello se realiza una investigación de tipo analítica-histórica-descriptiva, sustentando la información de varias fuentes oficiales nacionales. Los resultados reflejan que el crecimiento del desempleo en el país es más evidente en la zona urbana y en la actividad laboral femenina. Para el 2018 ya se reflejaba la caída del empleo formal debido a la crisis derivada del 2014, lo cual daba paso al incremento del empleo informal o en últimas estancias al desempleo, situación que se incrementó como efecto de la pandemia pero que, en comparación a los demás países de la región, se ubicó en índices aceptables a pesar de la crisis social y económica experimentada. Además, el aumento de los impuestos, la apreciación del dólar, menor demanda interna, daños causados por el sismo son algunas causas con alta relevancia en el incremento del desempleo.Alternate :O desemprego é uma variável de atenção especial na economia equatoriana, razão pela qual conhecer sua evolução é essencial para melhorar as condições de vida da população e da economia em geral. Um país com uma alta taxa de desemprego desencadeia fatores negativos tais como: pobreza, informalidade, delinqüência, migração, etc. Portanto, este documento tem como objetivo analisar o crescimento do desemprego no Equador durante o período 2010-2021. Para este fim, é realizado um tipo de pesquisa analítico-histórico-descritiva, baseada em informações de várias fontes nacionais oficiais. Os resultados mostram que o crescimento do desemprego no país é mais evidente nas áreas urbanas e na atividade laboral feminina. Em 2018, a queda do emprego formal já se refletia devido à crise derivada de 2014, que deu lugar a um aumento do emprego informal ou, em última análise, do desemprego, uma situação que aumentou como efeito da pandemia, mas que, em comparação com outros países da região, estava localizada em taxas aceitáveis, apesar da crise social e econômica vivida. Além disso, o aumento dos impostos, a valorização do dólar, a menor demanda interna e os danos causados pelo terremoto são algumas das causas do aumento do desemprego. O desemprego é uma variável de atenção especial na economia equatoriana, razão pela qual conhecer sua evolução é essencial para melhorar as condições de vida da população e da economia em geral. Um país com uma alta taxa de desemprego desencadeia fatores negati os tais como: pobreza, informalidade, delinqüência, migração, etc. Portanto, este documento tem como objetivo analisar o crescimento do desemprego no Equador durante o período 2010-2021. Para este fim, é realizado um tipo de pesquisa analítico-histórico-descritiva, baseada em informações de várias fontes nacionais oficiais. Os resultados mostram que o crescimento do desemprego no país é mais evidente nas áreas urbanas e na atividade laboral feminina. Em 2018, a queda do emprego formal já se refletia devido à crise derivada de 2014, que deu lugar a um aumento do emprego informal ou, em última análise, do desemprego, uma situação que aumentou como efeito da pandemia, mas que, em comparação com outros países da região, estava localizada em taxas aceitáveis, apesar da crise social e econômica vivida. Além disso, o aumento dos impostos, a valorização do dólar, a menor demanda interna e os danos causados pelo terremoto são algumas das causas do aumento do desemprego.

The Attractiveness of Masked Faces Is Influenced by Race and Mask Attitudes.

This study tests the influence of wearing a protective face mask on the perceived attractiveness of the wearer. Participants who identified as White, and who varied in their ideological stance toward mask wearing, rated the attractiveness of facial photographs. The photos varied in baseline attractiveness (low, medium, and high), race (White and Asian), and whether or not the face was wearing a protective mask. Attitudes regarding protective masks were measured after the rating task using a survey to identify participants as either pro- or anti-mask. The results showed that masked individuals of the same race were generally rated as more attractive than unmasked individuals, but that masked individuals of another race were rated as less attractive than unmasked individuals. Moreover, pro-mask participants rated masked individuals as generally more attractive than unmasked individuals, whereas anti-maskers rated masked individuals as less attractive. A control experiment, replicating the procedure but replacing the protective masks with a partially occluding notebook, showed that these effects were mask-specific. These results demonstrate that perceived attractiveness is affected by characteristics of the viewer (attitudes toward protective masks), their relationship to the target (same or different race), and by circumstances external to both (pandemic).

Empowered, Yet Vulnerable: Motives for Sport Participation, Health Correlates, and Experience of Sexual Harassment in Female Combat-Sport Athletes.

BACKGROUND: To explore motives for combat sport participation, weight regulation practices, symptoms of low energy availability (LEA), disordered eating (DE) or eating disorders (ED), and any experiences with sexual harassment (SH) among female combat-sport athletes. METHODS: In total, 29 athletes were recruited by social media and in clubs. Participants responded to a questionnaire on health behavior and mental health and completed diet registration and a DXA-scan. RESULTS: Most athletes started combat sports to feel empowered and experienced an inclusive milieu, but the frequency of health issues was high. A total of 21-67% had symptoms of ED, suffered from injuries, had low site-specific BMD, and/or symptoms of LEA. Athletes had insufficient intake of energy and nutrients, and <50% received any dietary information or guidance from their clubs. Most athletes complied with favorable weight-loss strategies; still, >20% used unfavorable methods and rapid weight-loss periods. A total of 70% of the athletes had experienced SH, of which 41% experienced SH within the combat-sport context. CONCLUSION: Combat sport offers an inclusive milieu, which may increase women's health and confidence; still, our results indicates a need for actions to safeguard female combat-sport athletes' mental and physical health, implying a cultural change within the community of combat sport and a need for increased health and nutrition literacy.

Meer dan een politieke vertrouwenspiek

During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, Dutch public opinion was largely characterized by a more positive outlook on society and politics. We give explanations for this rather positive spirit based on literature on earlier crises and we outline the changes in public opinion between January and April 2020 (using the Citizens' Outlooks Barometer). We will complement this quantitative analysis by analysing several open-ended questions to enhance our knowledge on the individual’s perceptions, attitudes and judgments about politics and society at the beginning of the pandemic. Our qualitative data analysis shows that the boost in political trust is driven by a specific appreciation of proceedings during the crisis and not by future expectations. But moreover, while this political ‘rally-round-the-flag’ phenomenon became centre stage of the crisis literature, we actually found that this is less salient than the societal outlook during a crisis: many citizens also express a reappraisal of society.